The Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were present during the end of the Ice Age, and were very adapted to living in this cold environment (1). They were short in stature averaging about 5'5" and had short arms and legs(2). This condensed body shape helped to conserve heat. They also had an amazing projection in their nasal cavity thought to have provided more surface area for mucus to warm the cold frigid air before entering their bodies (3). Their brain was larger than modern humans, but it was longer and not as rounded(2). Bones of this species were also very robust as well as muscular. These characteristics were first thought to be signs that they were hard-working, but these same characteristics were also found in children; therefore, it is now believed this was a genetic trait instead (3).

Socially, the Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were also thought to be more advanced than species of the past. An increased number of tool remains have been found, including the first to have pointed tips. The burial of the deceased was also a trend found in various grounds for the first time(4). Pollen remains were found with many of the bodies, which hints that flowers may have been buried along with the bodies; however, these pollen fragments could also be due to rodents and other scavengers as they visited the dead bodies. It can not be said for sure if they believe in an afterlife, but it is quite possible.

Homo sapien neanderthalensis reconstruction

Homo sapien neanderthalensis skull