Stuart P. Raeburn
Instructional Systems, Computer Center, East Lansing, MI 48824;
tel. (517) 355-4500 x140; e-mail: raeburn@msu.edu
Links to my class web sites
Introductory Environmental Geology
Graduate Metamorphic Petrology
Link to pages created for Workshops on Instructional Technology
Encouraging critical thinking using the Lecture Online homework tool.
Extensions to Blackboard Inc.'s Course Management System software.
Internet Learning: Web-based Tools As A Supplement To Classroom Teaching
Adding interactivity to course web pages using MSU's Virtual University toolbox.
Education
1983-1986 Cambridge University, UK.: BA(Hons.) Class 2.2 . Natural Sciences 1986. Mapping thesis: "The geology of the country around Great Dun Fell, Pennines"; MA 1990.
1987-1988 Camborne School of Mines, UK.: M.Sc. Mining Geology 1988. Thesis: "Skarn mineralization at Hakskeen, Namibia and geochemical exploration methods for detection of gold anomalies in desert terrain".
1989-1996 Pennsylvania State University: Ph.D. Geosciences 1996. GPA: 4.0. Thesis title: "New methods in quantitative metamorphic petrology: (1) In situ determination of iron valence in minerals; (2) The application of 3-D textural analysis to the study of crystallization kinetics".
Experience
1987 Technical Assistant, Marine Biology, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.
1988 Exploration geologist, Erongo Mining and Exploration Co., Namibia.
1988-89 Mining Geology Consultant, Commodities Research Unit Ltd., London, UK.
1989-92 Teaching Assistant, Pennsylvania State University.
1992-94 Research Assistant, Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University.
1994-96 Research Assistant, Earth Systems Science Center, Pennsylvania State University.
1995 Visiting Research Scientist, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University.
1996 Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University.
1997-99 Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Geological Science, Michigan State University
2000- Course Management Systems Administrator, Instructional Systems, Michigan State Univerity
Awards
1983 Exhibition, Christ's College, Cambridge University.
1991 Geological Society of America, NE. Section Travel Grant.
1991 Mineralogical Society of America Short Course Student Scholarship.
1994 Arnulf Muan Fellowship, Geosciences Department, Penn State University.
Research grants
1991, 1993, 1995 P.D. Krynine Memorial Fund, Geosciences Dept., Penn State University.
1991 Geological Society of America Research Grant,
1993 National Science Foundation. SGER grant EAR-9307389 (PI: D.M. Kerrick)
Professional Societies
Member, National Association of Geoscience Teachers.
Member, American Geophysical Union.
Publications
Kerrick, D.M., Lasaga, A.L., and Raeburn, S.P. (1991) Kinetics of heterogeneous reactions. In D.M. Kerrick (ed.) Contact metamorphism. Reviews in Mineralogy v.26 p. 583-671.
Kasting, J. F., Eggler, D.H., and Raeburn, S.P. (1993) Mantle redox evolution and the oxidation state of the Archean atmosphere. Journal of Geology v. 101 p 245-257.
Ilton E. S.; Veblen, D. R.; Moses, C. O. and Raeburn, S. P. (1997). The catalytic effect of sodium and lithium ions on coupled sorption-reduction of chromate at the biotite edge-fluid interface. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta v.61 p.3543-3563.
Raeburn, S. P.; Ilton, E. S. and Veblen, D. R. (1997)Quantitative determination of the oxidation state of iron in biotite using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. I Calibration. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta v.61 p.4519-4530
Raeburn, S. P.; Ilton, E. S. and Veblen, D. R.(1997) Quantitative determination of the oxidation state of iron in biotite using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. II. In situ analyses. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta v. 61 p.4531-4537
Abstracts
Raeburn, S.P., and Kerrick, D.M. (1991). Apparent non-isobaric P-T path from zoned garnets in the Cupsuptic aureole, Maine: A test of differential garnet zoning thermobarometry. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abs. with Progs. v. 23 p.
Raeburn, S.P., Kerrick, D.M., Gorshe, R., and Barth, G. (1993) Quantitative microbeam determination of iron valence by XPS and XES - revisited. Eos: v. 74 AGU spring meeting supplement. 1993 p 161.
Ilton, E. S., Raeburn, S. P., Kerrick, D.M., and Veblen, D. R. (1993) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as an in situ microbeam method for determining ferrous/ferric ratios in minerals in thin sections: results from biotites from metapelites. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abs. with Progs. v. 25 (6) A-100.
Raeburn, S. P., Ilton, E. S., Veblen, D. R., Kerrick, D. M. (1995) Microbeam determination of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in biotites in situ in thin section using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Terra Nova v. 7 Abs. sup. 1 p.320.
Raeburn, S. P., Kerrick, D. M. (1995) Spatial Statistics of Crystal Center Locations: A Technique for Evaluation of Nucleation and Growth Processes in Metamorphic Rocks. Eos v. 76 (46) p. F677.
In preparation
Raeburn, S. P., Kerrick, D. M. Iron valence state determination using the electron microprobe: A re-evaluation of the Lb1/La1,2 intensity ratio method (for American Mineralogist).
Raeburn, S. P. Spatial Statistics Methods for Characterization of Spatial Distributions of Crystals Produced by Nucleation and Growth. (for Computers & Geosciences)
Raeburn, S. P. Crystallization Kinetics of Garnet in a Pelitic Hornfels: Insights From Spatial and Size Distributions, and Compositional Zoning. (for Journal of Metamorphic Geology)
Raeburn S. P. Estimation of 3-D Crystal Size and Geometric Center Information From 2-D Serial Sections. (for Journal of Computer-Assisted Microscopy)
Kerrick D. M. and Raeburn, S. P. The record of global magmatic degassing of CO2, 120 Ma to present. (for Nature)
Expedition/Field geology experience
1985 Cambridge Ladakh Expedition (Leader). Glacial geomorphology and ethnomusicology study in Ladakh, India.
1986 Cambridge High Andes Expedition (Leader). Stratigraphy, geological mapping, volcanology, glaciology and film-making in Ecuador. Winner of RGS/BBC Mick Burke award 1987/8.
1987 British Tasilaq Expedition, East Greenland 1987 (Geologist). Mountaineering and geological mapping in East Greenland.
1989 Forest Films Project 1989 (Sound-recordist) Documentary film-making in rainforest and montane forest, Cameroon. Film: Parks or People? winner of Golden Panda award, Wildscreen film festival 1992.
Research activity 1997
Research activities have focused on analytical mineralogy and metamorphic crystallization kinetics with most effort devoted to writing up previously completed work. The oxidation state of iron in metamorphic minerals is potentially an important variable for two reasons. Firstly, metamorphosed aluminous mudrocks which lack graphite commonly become more reduced as metamorphism proceeds but the exact role of equilibria involving iron-bearing silicate and oxide minerals has not been established. Secondly, many geothermometers used to estimate metamorphic temperatures require knowledge of Fe(II)/Mg in ferromagnesian silicates. Errors in estimated temperatures which may compromise constraints required for thermal and tectonic histories of metamorphic terrains arise when the total iron content instead of just Fe(II) is used in thermometer equations.
Metamorphic petrologists have traditionally relied on the electron microprobe to obtain compositional information but the microprobe does not distinguish Fe(II) and Fe(III). In collaboration with a former colleague at Lehigh University as part of a project funded by DOE, I have been developing a new microbeam technique to determine Fe(II)/Fe(III) in individual crystals in thin sections. The technique employs X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a method used traditionally for characterization of material surfaces. Our work to date has dealt with micas; we have now started applying the technique to amphiboles. It is hoped that XPS will ultimately allow us to investigate changes in Fe(II)/Fe(III) in zoned metamorphic garnet crystals or zoned igneous amphiboles. In both cases we will learn something about the way the oxidation state of minerals can change during crystallization. I have also had a role in interpreting XPS spectra as part of a DOE-funded project on sorption of chromium ions to biotite surfaces.
The topic of textural analysis of metamorphic rocks has received renewed interest in recent years because of advances in the digital imaging of minerals in thin section and also in imaging rock volumes with computerized X-ray tomography. The spatial arrangement of metamorphic minerals, such as garnet, within a hand sample potentially contains clues to the crystallization history of the mineral. Relevant questions are when and why did crystals grow in the locations they did and to the sizes they now have? It is also of interest to obtain constraints on rates of growth and rates of nucleation over the course of a crystallization episode. Presently I am using computer simulations of crystallization to investigate whether statistical techniques I have used in characterization of ordering of occupied nucleation sites in three dimensions can provide useful measures when applied to planar (i.e., thin section) data. If the loss of information accompanying loss of the third dimension is too large, discrimination between growth mechanisms may not be possible from planar sections alone.