ÿWPC€  8Jjð³F¤F¢í9U­\,Î?x½È!†i\YzœåLupà^Mv_”€mÿ1*ÒÀ«ž¨Ú†?Êß™ZÏ>?B°†Bß½Àî…ÕèV6Æ jÙsX¿€`þOš¥Gw0[(ê ·ryãS‚J’k•ç·m>‡²†/²Nؤ ´à*ØÅŽrØ4³ò«8àj6Ÿ(,…6p‰I +¢_ 3 b_Ê>5j#,e䙇¸ >Ñ[Æ”V°É¿ºKZ‚ÚÞYõ´‘ɃWü Ÿiþ`Xu°-;­Dxµ_zÁvë{÷“v‹Û×¼ÀfÿŽY’yÆÔVÎß„uЮ|ËÓ—‘ÝÑÿôÚ£¢0¿‹Ä*:ÿƒþç’ô]šò‡;ÇAð­5 † ^j7s´j¥¨‰CÊz@òNÁK­t®e6~Jt%œ|ñ‡}ñè0ÙG_Ä<§•/18ðñ­(¥v„Ô{C¼|!Å¥³ÁDfSÁ*Í-ÿÂ+fúxÓÚGÅÆlJø<YµshûÓö”¹tlá†èÆÜq~³Ý¬ŸF"UøuµÒOäî"|Aê_4ž2Þ°àü޽j]ô*˜4ɾϋ.sþg©è«8 äýh4Lë2“L¿YéÜ"Otã3ëŠU.  %8 C>fXaZ B+*n B˜ BtµÒn­â 0xU NUNUw@£4ã"÷ hg<þ6X9`(CourierX ÿÿÿdTable_A&ÿÿ0 d düÿK Kd d3|xd«<þ6X9`(CourierXÛxþ6X@ÉüKX@(P—²$¡¡Ñ7€¸XXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ = ÑÓ  Ó(@øÐ Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(@øÐ Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular [\ ]^_D` abcHdDHÒ  Ñ X ÑÑ X Ñ3 @"@@"@ð? @"@1@"@@ð?$@@pŒ@$@@$@ $@ @ @ $@ @ *@ &@ @  &@ @  &@ š™™™™™é?&@@(@"@Ÿ@(@@Table_AÝ ƒ —²!ÝÑ7€–CXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ = ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€Xˆ‰XXXÔÑ€’CÑà@……'ìàCEP€822ˆà p àà È àà  àà x à8„27„96Ð ° Ðà@--ìàApproaches€to€Educational€ResearchˆÌà@ÏÏ!ìàFall€Semester,€1996ˆÌÌInstructor:€Ken€Frankà ¸ à€listserve:€cep822@edstat.educ.msu.eduà È àà  àÐ pÀ ÐÓ  ÓOffice:€460€Erickson€Hall€355„8538€(Fax€517„353„6393),€kenfrank@msu.eduÌClass€Time€and€Place:€4:10„7:00€Tuesdays,€Room€226€EricksonÌOffice€Hours:€7:00„8:00€Mondays,€Thursdays€3„4ÌÌòòGeneral€OrganizationóóÐ  p  Ðà  àMany€of€you€are€practitioners€who€will€take€only€one€course€in€statistics.€€Therefore€inÏorder€to€forge€the€link€between€research€and€practice€I€will€emphasize€the€reading€of€research€asÏopposed€to€the€production€of€research.€€The€course€will€be€based€on€articles€from€EducationalÏAdministration€Quarterly€(EAQ),€Rehabilitation€Counseling€Bulletin€(RCB),€and€AmericanÏEducational€Research€Journal€(AERJ).€€I€believe€that€the€material€in€these€journals€reflects€theÏinterests€and€programs€of€students€in€the€course.€€ÌÌà  àòòThrough€the€articlesóó,€we€will€explore€the€following€topics:Ð  ð Ðà  àÌà  à1)Development€of€a€research€question€and€hypothesesÌà0  à2)Review€of€LiteratureÐ (#(# Ðà0  à3)MeasurementÐ (#(# Ðà0  à4)Statistical€AnalysesÐ (#(# Ðà0  à5)Overall€Cohesion€of€parts€1„4Ð (#(# Ðà  àÌà  àBecause€we€will€explore€these€ideas€through€the€articles€each€concept€will€be€learnedÏrepeatedly€in€many€contexts.€€In€this€sense€there€is€no€true€sequence€to€the€course.€€There€areÏhowever,€some€basic€building€blocks€of€research€which€I€will€establish€in€the€first€section€of€theÏcourse.ÌÌòòContextóóÐ Ð  Ðà  àThis€course€is€organized€around€the€question:€"ò òHOW€DO€YOU€KNOW?ó ó"€€We€willÐ À! Ðrepeatedly€ask€of€ourselves€and€the€articles:Ìà  à1)What€is€the€effect€of€the€practice€being€describedÌà0  à2)What€circumstances€affect€the€nature€of€the€effect?Ð (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àa)for€whomÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àb)by€whomÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  à3)In€all€cases€we€will€ask€ò òHOW€DO€YOU€KNOW?ó óÐ`'°"%(#(# ÐÌà  àWe€may€know€something€about€educational€practice€from€quantitative€data€(e.g.€surveys,Ïachievement€tests,€etc)€or€from€qualitative€data€(e.g.€interviews,€observations,€etc).€€Although€aÏdichotomy€has€emerged€between€researchers€using€qualitative€data€and€quantitative€data€no€suchÏdichotomy€need€exist.€€Indeed,€we€will€read€articles€in€which€quantitative€data€are€made€intoÏcategories€representing€qualities€and€qualitative€data€are€counted€and€thus€quantified.€€Our€focusÏwill€always€be€ñbñhow€ñbññcñon€ways€in€which€ñcñqualitative€and€quantitative€data€help€us€to€understand€ñcñÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑñcññbñÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  Ññbñeducational€ñcñÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  Ññcñpractices.Ð ð-@),= ÐÑ’CÑÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÑ  ÑÒà°ÒÒà°ÒñdñÌñdñòòMotivationóó:Ð X ÐÌà 8 àWhy€do€we€need€to€know€about€educational€practices?€€I€will€argue€that€educational€practices€go€in€and€outÏof€fashion€because€we€rarely€take€the€time€to€establish€what€works,€for€whom,€and€under€what€circumstances.€ÏTherefore€when€a€practice€is€challenged€or€considered€for€"reform"€for€political€reasons€or€simply€in€responseÏchanging€social€conditions€there€is€no€base€of€research€which€can€be€used€to€determine€the€worth€of€the€practice.€ÏThe€practice€is€then€altered€or€eliminated,€only€to€return€again€when€promoted€by€a€new€generation€of€reformers.€€IÏbelieve,€perhaps€naively,€that€if€we€took€the€time€to€evaluate€current€practices€we€would€have€more€information€onÏwhich€to€base€our€reforms.€€Our€reforms€would€be€less€dramatic€(i.e.€incremental)€and€therefore€less€cyclical,Ïultimately€resulting€in€a€steady€improvement€in€educational€practices.€€This€long€range€development€is€possibleÏthrough€research€and€dissemination€of€research€findings.ÌÌòòAssignments€and€Gradingóó:Ð ˜ @  ÐÌà 8 à1)Four€Homework€Assignments:à ð àà H àà   àà ø àà P àà ¨ à70%Ð x  Ðà 8 à2)Finalà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð àà H àà   àà ø àà P àà ¨ à30%Ð h ÐÌà 8 àThe€homework€assignments€will€involve€reading€and€commenting€on€journal€articles€with€respect€to€theÏgoals€listed€in€the€general€organization€of€the€course.€€They€will€require€skills€developed€in€class€sessions€andÏpresented€in€the€textbook.€€The€final€will€be€similar€to€the€homework€assignments.Ìà 8 àYou€will€be€allotted€a€total€of€7€calendar€"late€days"€for€homework€assignments€throughout€the€semester.€ÏThe€first€late€day€begins€immediately€after€I€have€asked€for€the€assignments€to€be€turned€in€in€class.€€That€is,€if€youÏturn€in€assignment€1/2€hour€late€it€is€the€same€as€if€you€turned€it€in€23€hours€late.€€You€may€use€these€late€days€inÏany€way€you€wish€across€all€of€the€assignments.€€If€the€total€number€of€days€late€you€have€turned€in€homeworkÏexceeds€7€your€grade€will€be€affected€in€the€following€way:ÌÌà0 8 à7„10€total€days€„„€>€marginal€grades€will€be€graded€downÐ 8ø%8ø% Ðà0 8 à11„15€total€days€„„>€grade€reduced€by€.5Ð 8ø%8ø% Ðà 8 à16„25€total€days€„„>€grade€reduced€by€1.00Ìà0 8 à26€or€more€days€„„>à0@ 8ø%8ø%àUnusual€circumstances,€possible€failure€of€the€course.Ј0@ ø%@ ø% ÐÌIf€you€turn€in€your€assignment€on€time€it€will€be€returned€to€you€within€a€week€(barring€exceptionalÏcircumstances).€€If€you€turn€in€your€assignment€late€it€will€be€returned€within€two€weeks€of€when€you€turn€in€it.ÌÌòòTextbook:óó€Ð 8"à" ÐFraenkel,€Jack€R.,€and€Norman€E.€Wallen€(1992).€€òòHow€to€Design€and€Evaluate€Research€in€Educationóó.€€2nd€ed.Ð (#Ð # ÐNew€York:€McGraw€Hill.ÌÌCourse€notes€will€be€available€at€Michigan€Document€Service,€in€the€Brookfiled€Plaza,€North€East€corner€ofÏHagadorn€and€Grand€River.€€1331€Grand€River,€337„7680.ÌÌÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔòòÓ  ÓWays€to€do€well€in€this€course:óóÐ È(p&) ÐÓÞÓCome€to€class€(although€I€provide€notes€for€ther€lectures,€there€is€extentive€material€covered€in€class€sessions€whichÏare€not€in€the€notes)ÌRead€assignments€thoroughly,€ÌGive€yourself€time€to€think€and€read€about€assignments€before€responding€to€the€questionsÌRespond€directly€to€questions€in€homework€assignments.ÌPay€attention€to€feedback€on€assignments.Ð h.,/ ЇÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰¼#ÔÒðàÒÒðàÒÑÑÑTRP Ø'33Ø' Ø'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÔ*qƒ ddd Xdd Xdd Xø˜2ø˜2qÔÔ,˜”d ÔÔ, td ÔÔ,ltd ÔÔ,t” ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 3€" X €ƒ€‚¨‚ƒKƒ„„3ÐDateÐ 2€!¨ „„2ÐClass€SessionÐ 2€!¨ „„2ÐAssignmentÐ 4€!¨ „„4ÐReadingÐ H€9!¨ ¨K ƒ  €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ8„27Ð 0€!Ãk „„0ÐIntroduction€to€Course,€CourseÏContent,€Purpose€of€Research,ÏEducational€Practices€Which€Work,ÏHow€Do€You€Know?!,€QuoteÏGame.€Class€photos€Ð 0€!ƒ+  „„0ÐÐ 4€!Ãk  „„4ÐÐ H€9!Ãk  ˆ   €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ9„3€Ð 0€!û £  „„0ÐResearch€Problems€and€Questions,ÏFitting€in€with€the€literatureÐ 0€!ë “ „„0ÐÐ 4€!û £ „„4ÐSiskin:€Departments€as€Different€Worlds:ÏSubject€Subcultures€in€SecondaryÏSchoolsF&W,€chapter€2Ð H€9!Û ƒ  ˆ p  €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ9„10Ð 0€!S û  „„0Ðòò1óóMeasurement:€€Observation,Ð S û  ÐDescription,€Validity,€Reliability,€Ð 0€!Cë  „„0ЀР4€!S û  „„4ÐStasz€et€al,€Teachers€as€Roles€Models:€...ÌF&W,€Chapter€8Ð H€9!Cë  ˆ p  €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ9„17Ð 0€!»c  „„0ÐFitting€Together:€ResearchÏProblems€and€Questions€withÏMeasurement€„„€PolicyÏImplications,€Qualitative€versusÏQuantitative€data.Ð 0€!{# „„0ÐÐ 4€!»c  „„4ÐOgawa:€Enchantment,€Disenchantment,Ïand€Accommodation:€How€a€FacultyÏmade€Sense€of€the€Succession€of€ItsÏPrincipal,ÌF&W€chapter€17Ð H€9!{#% ˆ   €8€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ9„24Ð 0€!ó›& „„0Ðòò2óó€Conceptualization€of€InferenceÐ ó›' Ðand€the€T„testÐ 0€!ã‹( „„0ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔAssignment€1:Ð ó›) ÐMeasurement€inÌQualitative€orÏQuantitative€setting.Ô#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰W'#ÔÐ 4€!Ãk, „„4ÐÐ H€9!ó›- ˆ 8  €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ10„1Ð 0€!;ã. „„0Ðòò3óóDescriptive€€and€InferentialÐ ;ã/ ÐStatistics:€Central€Tendency,ÏDispersion,€€sample€versusÏpopulation.ÌBivariate€Relationships€Ð 0€!û£3 „„0ÐÐ 4€!;ã4 „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔF&W€Chapters€9,10Ð ;ã5 ÐÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰—)#ÔÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔWilkinson€&€Wagner:€SupervisoryÐ +Ó6 ÐLeadership€StylesÌNote€Table€2.Ô#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰ÿ)#ÔÐ  ³8 ÐÐ H€9!û£9 ˆ p  €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ10„8Ð 0€!s: „„0ÐContinuation€of€of€Lecture€3ÌÐ 0€!c < „„0ÐÐ 4€!s= „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔCantrell€&€Walker:€Ð s> ÐParticipatory€Action€Research€and€PolicyÏMaking:€Consumers€and€NonconsumersÏDeliberate€the€Reauthorization€of€theÏRehabilitation€ActÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰¦+#ÔÐ H€9!3"ÛB ˆ   €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ10„15Ð 0€!àˆ „„0ЀFitting€Together:€ResearchÏProblems€and€Questions,ÏMeasurement,€DescriptiveÏStatistics,€Inferential€Statistics€Ð 0€!°X „„0ÐÐ 4€!àˆ „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔñXñCantrell€&€Walker:€Ð àˆ ÐParticipatory€Action€Research€and€PolicyÏMaking:€Consumers€and€NonconsumersÏDeliberate€the€Reauthorization€of€theÏRehabilitation€ActñXñÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰ ,#Ôñ[ñÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔFarley,€Bolton€&€Parkerson:€Effects€ofÐ àˆ ÐClient€Involvement€in€Assessment€onÏVocational€DevelopmentÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰ -#Ôñ[ñÐ H€9!Àh  ˆ p  €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ10„22Ð 0€!(Ð  „„0Ðòò5óóANOVA.òò4óóPair€T„test.€Ð (Ð  ÐÌÐ 0€! °  „„0ÐAssignment€2:ÌInterpretingÏInferential€StatisticsÐ 4€! ° „„4ÐñZñFarley,€Bolton€&€Parkerson:€Effects€ofÏClient€Involvement€in€Assessment€onÏVocational€DevelopmentñZñÐ H€9!(Ð ˆ   €X€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ10„29Ð 0€!€ ( „„0Ѐòò6óóExperimental€designs€andÐ € ( Ðcontrolling€for€confoundingÏvariablesÌ€M&M's,€Review€of€Population€andÏSample.Ð 0€!@è  „„0ÐÐ 4€!€ ( „„4ÐGrossman€and€Stodolsky:ÌContent€as€Context:€The€Role€of€SchoolÏSubjects€in€Secondary€School€teachingÌF&W€chapters€13€&€15Ð H€9!P ø  ˆ X  €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11„5Ð 0€!¸`  „„0Ðòò€7óóIntroduction€to€RegressionÐ ¸`  ÐModels€„„€the€all€purpose€toolÌPre„Survey:€Effect€of€EducationalÏPoliciesÐ 0€!ˆ0! „„0ÐÐ 4€!¸` " „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔDreeben€&€Gamoran:€Race,€Instruction,Ð ¸` # Ðand€LearningÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰¶2#ÔÐ H€9!¨P$ ˆ p  €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11„12Ð 0€!¨% „„0ÐContinuation€of€Lecture€7Ð 0€!¨& „„0ÐÐ 4€!¨' „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔHannaway€and€Talbert:€"BringingÐ ¨( ÐContext€Into€Effective€Schools€Research:ÏUrban„Suburban€DifferencesÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰84#ÔÐ H€9!àˆ* ˆ p  €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11„19Ð 0€!X+ „„0ЀFitting€together:ÌInterpretation€of€Regression€withinÏthe€context€of€a€research€article.Ìòò8óóReview€of€Dreeben€and€GamoranÐ 0€!(Ð/ „„0ÐÐ 4€!X0 „„4ÐÐ H€9!X1 ˆ   €¨€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11„26Ð 0€! H2 „„0ЀComparing€Quantitative€andÏQualitative€StudiesÐ 0€!84 „„0Ðñ]ñÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔAssignment€ñ]ññ^ñ3ñ^ññ_ññ]ñ4ñ]ññ_ññ]ñ:Ð  H5 ÐRegression€within€aÏresearch€articleÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰17#Ôñ]ñÐ 4€!€(7 „„4ÐÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰Ôñ`ñLeahy,€Habeck,€and€Vantol:€DoctoralÐ ÿ§8 ÐDissertation€Research€in€Rehabilitation:Ï1988„1989.ñ`ñÔ#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰8#Ôñ`ñ€F&W€chapter€20.ñ`ñÐ H€9! H8 ˆ ¨  €¨€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ12„3Ð 0€!ø 9 „„0Ðòò9óóWays€to€Lie€with€statisticsÐ ø : ЀReview€„„€Return€to€Why€doÏeducational€Research,€what€haveÏwe€learned?Ð 0€!È!p= „„0Ðñ\ñAssignment€4:ÌRegression€within€aÏresearch€articleñ\ñÐ 4€!ø > „„4ÐñañÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰ÔLeahy,€Habeck,€and€Vantol:€DoctoralÐ ø ? ÐDissertation€Research€in€Rehabilitation:Ï1988„1989.Ô#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰‹:#ÔÔ‡ Xˆ‰XXXˆ‰Ô€F&W€chapter€20.Ô#†Xˆ‰XX Xˆ‰8;#Ôñañâ âÐ F€5!Ø €A ˆ ¨  €€€‚ˆ‚„„FÐ12„11Ð 2€!àˆ „„2Ðâ âFinal€exam,€5:45„7:45€p.m.Ð 2€!àˆ „„2ÐÐ 4€!àˆ „„4ÐÐ1'%àˆ ˆ0 €   1ÐÌÌà P à